Epsom was first recorded as Ebesham in the 10th century with its name probably deriving from that of a Saxon landowner. The street pattern is thought to have become established in the Middle Ages.

Like many other nearby settlements, Epsom is located on the spring line - where the permeable chalk of the North Downs meets impermeable London Clay.

By the early 18th century, the spring on Epsom Common was believed to have healing qualities. The mineral waters were found to be rich in magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts). Charles II was among those who regularly took the waters. The popularity of the spa declined rapidly in the 1720s.

Organised horse racing on Epsom Downs has taken place since the early 17th century. The popularity of Epsom grew as The Oaks and The Derby were established in the late 18th centruy. The first grandstand at the racecourse was constructed in 1829.

The opening of the railway station in 1847, along with the breakup of the Epsom Court estate, stimulated the development of the town.

Today Epsom station is an important railway junction, where lines to London Victoria and London Waterloo diverge.

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